Behavioral Learning Child Development Observation

Introduction Theories of child development can be tied to particular philosophical groundings of the major schools of psychology. This paper will provide the basis for the application of behavioral learning theory to an observation of three children in a natural context. A discussion of the rationale for choosing behavioral learning theory over cognitive, contextual, psychodynamic, or social-cognitive learning precedes the explication of behavioral learning theory. As summary of notes and conclusions regarding the observation is provided following the theoretical discussions. Behavioral learning. John B. Watson did much of the seminal work on the behavioral model of child development. One of the most enduring of Watsons contributions was the introduction of empirical research approaches albeit based on the natural sciences that relied on observation and measurement of childrens behavior. B.F. 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She hasRead MoreResearch and explain how current practice is influenced by Theories of development858 Words   |  4 Pagesand explain how current practice is influenced by Theories of development include; Piaget – Intellectual, Freud – psychoanalytic, Maslow – Humanist, Bandura – Social Learning, Skinner – Operant Conditioning, Watson – Behaviourist. Also explain how you holistically use these theories to work together e.g. EYFS – Holistic approach to learning is known as social pedagogy The theorist whose theory is physical development is Arnold Gesell. His theory is that most physical skills cannot

The Saxons Were a Germanic People

The Saxons were an early Germanic tribe that would play a significant role in both post-Roman Britain and early medieval Europe. From the first few centuries B.C. up until about 800 C.E., the Saxons occupied parts of northern Europe, with many of them settling along the Baltic coast. When the Roman Empire went into its long decline in the third and fourth centuries C.E., Saxon pirates took advantage of the reduced power of the Roman military and navy and made frequent raids along the coasts of the Baltic and the North Sea. Expansion Across Europe In the fifth century C.E., Saxons began to expand fairly rapidly throughout present-day Germany and into present-day France and Britain. Saxon migrants were numerous and dynamic in England, establishing -- along with several other Germanic tribes -- settlements and power bases in territory that until recently (c. 410 C.E.) had been under Roman control. Saxons and other Germans displaced many Celtic and Romano-British peoples, who moved westward into Wales or crossed the sea back to France, settling in Brittany. Among the other migrating Germanic peoples were Jutes, Frisians, and Angles; it is the combination of Angle and Saxon that gives us the term Anglo-Saxon for the culture that developed, over the course of a few centuries, in Post-Roman Britain. The Saxons and Charlemagne Not all Saxons left Europe for Britain. Thriving, dynamic Saxon tribes remained in Europe, in Germany in particular, some of them settling in the region that is today known as Saxony. Their steady expansion ultimately brought them into conflict with the Franks, and once Charlemagne became king of the Franks, friction turned to out-and-out war. The Saxons were among the last peoples of Europe to retain their pagan gods, and Charlemagne became determined to convert the Saxons to Christianity by any means necessary. Charlemagnes war with the Saxons lasted 33 years, and in all, he engaged them in battle 18 times. The Frankish king was particularly brutal in these battles, and ultimately, his ordered execution of 4500 prisoners in one day broke the spirit of resistance the Saxons had displayed for decades. The Saxon people were absorbed into the Carolingian empire, and, in Europe, naught but the duchy of Saxony remained of the Saxons.

Types of Literary Criticism Free Essays

Types of Literary Criticism Since ancient times, readers have debated and critiqued literature from a variety of perspectives. Some have looked at a story or play from a moral stance, considering how values are represented in a text. Another critic might evaluate a poem in terms of its form. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Literary Criticism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Recent critics have looked at literature to see what it might be saying about our lives in society, our political or power relations, gender roles, or sexuality. Below I have summarized some types of literary criticism you might consider when reading or writing about literature. If you’re interested in knowing more, see the Purdue Online Writing Lab or OWL or read Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide, by Louis Tyson. The Gavilan library website offers resources for students conducting research on literature. (You will need a Gavilan library card to access this information and can apply for a card in person or online. ) The library also has a helpful website on Academic Research Guidelines that will help you identify legitmate sources for your research and avoid plagiarism. See me, a librarian, and/or a writing assistant at the Gavilan Writing Center for help with writing about literature. * Moral Criticism, Dramatic Construction (~360 BC-present) * Formalism, New Criticism, Neo-Aristotelian Criticism (1930s-present) * Psychoanalytic Criticism, Jungian Criticism(1930s-present) * Marxist Criticism (1930s-present) * Reader-Response Criticism (1960s-present) * Structuralism/Semiotics (1920s-present) * Post-Structuralism/Deconstruction (1966-present) * New Historicism/Cultural Studies (1980s-present) * Post-Colonial Criticism (1990s-present) Feminist Criticism (1960s-present) * Gender/Queer Studies (1970s-present) Sociological criticism: Like historical criticism, sociological criticism examines literature in the cultural, economic, and political context in which it is written or received. This type of criticism may analyze the social content of a literary work—the cultural, economic, or political values a particular text implicitly or explicitly exp resses. Reader-response criticism: This type of criticism attempts to describe what happens in the reader’s mind while interpreting a text. A reader-response critic might also explore the impact of a particular text on his or her own ideas or values. For example, one might reflect on how a particular character seems admirable or unlikable and why. One might reflect on how one’s religious, culture, or social values affect readings. It also overlaps with gender criticism in exploring how men and women may read the same text with different assumptions. Gender criticism: This type of criticism examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works. Gender studies originated during the feminist movement, when critics began investigating the unexamined assumptions around gender in a piece of literature. Feminist critics explored how an author’s gender might—consciously or unconsciously—affect his or her writing. These critics may also explore how images of men or women in literature might reflect or reject the social norms around gender in a particular society. Mythological criticism: Mythological critics explore the universal patterns underlying a literary work. This type of criticism draws on the insights of anthropology, history, psychology, and comparative religion to explore how a text uses myths and symbols drawn from different cultures and epochs. A central concept in mythological criticism is the archetype, a symbol, character, situation, or image that evokes a deep universal response. For example, critic Joseph Campbell, in his books like The Hero with a Thousand Faces, demonstrates how similar mythic characters and situations, like the hero’s journey, appear in virtually every culture. Biographical criticism: Biographical critics explore how understanding an author’s life can help readers more thoroughly comprehend the literary work. Note: biographical critics are not concerned with simply describing the author’s life but instead with interpreting the literary work using the insights provided by knowledge of the author’s life. New Historicism: New historicist critics look at the impact of the politics, ideologies, and social customs of the author’s world on the themes, images, and characterizations of a text. This type of critic considers the historical events or conditions during which the work was written. Psychoanalytic criticism: This type of criticism views the themes, conflicts, and characterizations of a work primarily as a reflection of the needs, emotions, states of mind, or subconscious desires of the author. Formalist criticism: Formalist critics look closely at the work itself, analyzing the various elements of the work as a way of explicating or interpreting a text. How to cite Types of Literary Criticism, Papers

Lady Windermeres fan Monologue Essay Example For Students

Lady Windermeres fan Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Oscar Wilde NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Lady Windermere\s Fan. Oscar Wilde. London, Elkin Mathews, 1893. MRS. ERLYNNE: Believe what you choose about me. I am not worth a moment\s sorrow. But don\t spoil your beautiful young life on my account! You don\t know what may be in store for you, unless you leave this house at once. You don\t know what it is to fall into the pit, to be despised, mocked, abandoned, sneered atto be an outcast! to find the door shut against one, to have to creep in by hideous byways, afraid every moment lest the mask should be stripped from one\s face, and all the while to hear the laughter, the horrible laughter of the world, a thing more tragic than all the tears the world has ever shed. You don\t know what it is. One pays for one\s sins, and then one pays again, and all one\s life one pays. You must never know that.As for me, if suffering be an expiation, then at this moment I have expiated all my faults, whatever they have been; for to-night you have made a heart in one who had it not, made it and broken it.But let that pass. I may have wrecked my own life, but I will not let you wreck yours. Youwhy, you are a mere girl, you would be lost. You haven\t got the kind of brains that enables a woman to get back. You have neither the wit nor the courage. You couldn\t stand dishonor! No! Go back, Lady Windermere, to the husband who loves you, whom you love. You have a child, Lady Windermere. Go back to that child who even now, in pain or in joy, may be calling to you. God gave you that child. He will require from you that you make his life fine, that you watch over him. What answer will you make to God if his life is ruined through you? Back to your house, Lady Windermereyour husband loves you! He has never swerved for a moment from the love he bears you. But even if he had a thousand loves, you must stay with your child. If he was harsh to you, you must stay with your child. If he ill-treated you, you must stay with your child. If he abandoned you, your place is with your child.

Black and Decker free essay sample

There has not been any more vital time to understand the cause of this setback. This urgency lead him to ask Joseph Galli, the vice president of sales and marketing at Black and Decker, to conduct a thorough research to develop a marketing plan for the year 1991/1992. The new plan is developed to target the major problem in the Professional Tradesmen segment: Low market share among comparatives and no profitability. After a detailed situation and consumer analysis and evaluating the alternatives, John Galli concluded that professional tradesmen segment needs to be repositioned. After a careful product assessment, Galli realized the professional quality of items produced by Bamp;D is above their major comparatives such as Makita and Milwakee. However, the brand is poorly differentiated from the lower grade products in the consumer segment; the segment which Bamp;D holds the most solid market share among comparatives. The permeation of Bamp;D in consumer segment has tarnished brand perception in professional tradesmen segment; both product lines are offered in the same color: Charcoal Grey! Additionally, due to the already established and extensive negative recognition of professional tradesmen segment among professional buyers of power tool products tagging any product to this brand won’t generate the drastic results that Bamp;D is pursuing. We will write a custom essay sample on Black and Decker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, it was Black and Decker’s weak presence in Home Depot, the rapidly growing professional tradesmen product outlet, which was contributing to the problem. They needed to strategically enter this market while emphasizing their position in Home Center and Two-Step distribution channel. Following these realities, Galli knew with almost no profitability in this segment asking for advertising allowances and rebate money is not an option. As a result, he introduced a marketing plan revolving around repositioning the professional tradesmen segment and establishing a new brand entry, backed by Bamp;D service and warranty handling and differentiating products from consumer segment by colorization. 1 Introduction Black and Decker is one of the world’s largest power tool manufactures and the leader of power tool market in United States. In 1991, Black and Decker’s sales record was over $5 billion and the company ranked 7th in brand recognition throughout U. S and 19th in Europe market. The nation’s power tool company leader divides in three segments: consumer, professional industrial and professional tradesmen. The consumer tool segment is offering products for â€Å"at home† use and is the most popular division with proximately $250 million in revenue in 1990. The professional industrial targets the corporates that purchase tools in large quantities for the use of professional employees. The revenue for this segment is estimated $110 Million as well. The professional tradesmen segment is the $420 million size division which represents products that professional individuals such as carpenters and contractors purchase to use on the job sites where they are required to take their own tools. However, this segment generated only $35 million revenue in 1990 with almost no profit. Both consumer and professional industrial segments owned a solid position in the market with 45% and 20% segment shares in power tool market. However, this success did not transfer to the professional tradesmen segment. In 1990, Bamp;D roughly held 9% market share in power tool market in United States. This highlighted the presence of the competitors such as Makita and Milwaukee with 50% and 10% market shares to the senior management of Bamp;D more than ever. Professional tradesmen segment was clearly suffering and falling behind in the dynamic and competitive power tool market. Joseph Galli, the vice president of sales and marketing in Black amp; Decker decided to conduct an extensive research to find the root of this problem and conclude an alternative. In this research, the problem highlights itself as the professional tradesmen segment’s low market share, no profitability and desperate need to reposition for this segment. Following is the situation analysis of Black and Decker supporting the idea of repositioning the professional tradesman unit. 2 Situational Analysis Internal factors By virtually creating the power tools industry, Black amp; Decker holds primary strength in the consumer and industrial segments, proved by being ranked #1 in those respected market share positions. By holding large amount of equity in the US and Europe, DeWalt can aggressively be put into the professional tradesmen segment to take the market lead from Makita. Although Black amp; Decker only holds a 9% share in the current professional tradesman segment, Black amp; Decker holds the title of being one of the best producers of high quality goods. By repositioning the DeWalt name in the rapidly growing professional tradesmen segment, that 9% market share will quickly increase with the support of our brand recognition and image. With the strong internal factors, the Black amp; Decker Company has strong potential in building an admirable image in the $420 million professional tradesmen segment. External Factors The professional tradesmen segment, although relatively new, has rapidly been growing compared to the consumer, 7%, and industrial, no growth, segments. Having high market shares in the consumer and industrial parts, Black amp; Decker holds a strong 30% of the total market share. Also growing in importance, are the home centers, The Home Depot being the largest of the quickly growing chain stores of home improvement. Buyers of the professional tradesmen tools also heavily patronize emerging retail distribution outlets, such as The Home Depot and Lowe’s. Competitive analysis Despite the fact that Makita does share 50% of the current market, the current position they hold in brand image is not nearly as positive as Black amp; Decker. Consumers have regarded Makita as, 3 â€Å"arrogant† and â€Å"dictatorial. † On the other side, Black amp; Decker has been put in the top ten in the U. S in the aspect of brand strength. One of the main reasons why Makita has grown much success in the past decade was with the help of the new rapid development of home center outlets. A common characteristic shared within the top three manufacturers of the professional tradesmen segment was that all three offered broad product lines, offering approximately 175 SKU’s each. Consumer Analysis Black amp; Decker Corporation as a Power Tools Division has been ranked low in the professional tradesmen market. In efforts to increase awareness and market the power tools division in a more competitive way, a consumer study was established and processed. Consumers of different ages, sexes, and races that work in the professional tradesmen field and the general public were asked a series of non-bias questions in order to gain a competitive advantage in the future sales opportunity. In order to do so we needed to study the current trend of consumer awareness and behavior as well as the pre conceived opinion of the Black amp; Decker product reputation both past and current trends. The following segments were used: Young Adults (ages 15-25), Adult Women (ages 26-60), and Adult Men ages (26-60). Young Adults (ages 15-25): The young adults being mostly single, college age living at home with parents or with roommates who typically don’t use power tools were vaguely familiar with the Black amp; Decker name and not associating as a Power tool brand. Adult Women (ages 26-60) usually homemakers, single moms, have advanced education, professional, and work both outside the home as well as in the home. Of the Adult females surveyed 75% were familiar with the Black amp; Decker name and had purchased a Bamp;D power tool over any other brand. Of those women, 75% also choose durability over cost when compared to similar items. While most women appear to be more in tune to actual cost of household products such as a Dust Buster when compared to professional grade tools, they still have a more realistic estimate of actual cost when compared side by side. Most women rate 4 Black amp; Decker as a good-excellent power tool product and would recommend to a friend and purchase additional Bamp;D products. Adult Men (ages 26-60) Most with a higher level of education and with more experience using power tools. In some instances adult men and women shared the same opinion but when asked, men choose warranty over compatibility. 56% of adult men rated Black amp; Decker as a poor choice for a power tool. While women were found to be more willing to purchase additional power tools with the Black amp; Decker name only 10% of males said they would and most would not recommend Bamp;D as a power tool option. With the above data collected it is determined that dropping the Black amp; Decker name instead of just Sub branding would better benefit the goals of the company and gain a larger advantage in the market. Having such a negative appeal from the current state is not only discouraging but also provides a more complete analysis of how the consumers view the Black amp; Decker name, regardless of the quality of an actual item. Alternatives, Pros and Cons The first alternative would focus on Bamp;D consumer and Professional-Industrial market segment which it already maintains the #1 market share. The professional-Tradesman segment would become an afterthought for Bamp;D, instead focusing primarily on profitability at the expense of market share. Bamp;D research had shown that their tools were highly regarded in the professional industrial segment, for high quality. Bamp;D field test of their products with all identifying marks removed against competitors products which also had all identifying marks removed, showed that product quality was strongly competitive with other brands. This would greatly diminish the Black and Decker brand by deemphasizing the quality in the professional-Tradesman segment. The result would be a negative effect on consumer and industrial segments as well. Brand loyalty and image would suffer greatly while gaining market share for the Professional-Tradesman segment. The second alternative would be to sub-brand Bamp;D product. The brand would have a new name for its professional tradesman products, but would also state â€Å"by Black and Decker†. 5 This alternative would not entirely clear all negative brand perception in the Bamp;D Professional Tradesman segment. Professional Tradesman segment viewed the Bamp;D brand as a product for home instead of job use. This alternative would still carry the negative perception of the Bamp;D brand in the Professional Tradesman segment of the market. Bamp;D quality perception of suppliers quality would remain first to last based on company research. Color was generally regarded as a product differentiator and this alternative would not make any changes in this regard, keeping the Bamp;D tools their respective traditional colors. This alternative would do little to increase market share and revenue. The third alternative, which has been chosen for the best possible outcome, would be to use an entirely different brand name for the Bamp;D Professional-Tradesman segment of the market. The brand name chosen is DeWalt, the brand has storied history in the stationary wood working business since the company was founded in 1918. DeWalt products were permanently installed on many lumberyards, garnering awareness of the brand, verified by research at 70% and also positively viewed as one of the best by 63% of the professional-tradesman segment of the market. The company was purchased by Bamp;D in 1960, so the brand name could be easily assigned to a Bamp;D product. The color option eventually chosen was yellow, a familiar sign of caution used on many construction sites. The yellow coloring would also differentiate the DeWalt product from many other brands including Bamp;D and many other successful brands in the professional-tradesman segment. This option would theoretically double the market share within three years; operating income would also increase by 2%. Recommendations The product chosen to replace the Bamp;D nameplate in the professional tradesman segment is the DeWault. DeWalt brand would position the Bamp;D professional tradesman products a step higher in product quality and reliability, relieving the negative brand association in the respective segment. The color yellow chosen for the product would create instant awareness of the brand amongst its immediate competitors Makita and Milwakee. The price of the DeWalt Professional-Tradesman product would be positioned comparably to the Makita and Milwakee brands. Milwakee and Makita are priced 5% and 10% respectively over current similar Bamp;D products. 6 The distribution channels that will be used include home centers, which include The Home Depot and Home Club. Home centers are increasingly becoming a popular source for professional-tradesman tools. Home centers have a combined yearly sale of 8. 5 million dollar in the professional-tradesman market. DeWalts rise in the marketplace will greatly depend on these types of distribution outlets. Two-steps will be used for distribution as well, including Ace and Servistar. DeWalt will not be offered in discount oriented membership club stores, as they are perceived to be positioning themselves as a â€Å"fathers day gift† The DeWalt brand has an existing 70% awareness rating among Professional-Tradesman, and a 63% positive view by tradesman. The company was founded in 1918 and has been a permanent fixture in lumberyards since, the presence over the years has created most of the existing promotion of the brand. The yellow color of DeWalt tools will help it differentiate itself form other products and also promote itself as being the only yellow tool for Professional-Tradesman on the market. Conclusion The purpose to conduct this marketing plan was to find an alternative to Black and Decker’s decade long failure to own large enough market shares in professional tradesmen segment. Black amp; Decker has succeeded to position the consumer and professional industrial segments in the top ranked market share among comparatives however, professional tradesmen segment has failed to reach anywhere beyond %9. The internal factor for Bamp;D is that, this company is one of the world’s largest power tool producers and in the comparison product analysis Black and Decker’s products win over the competitors. This means Bamp;D has the potential to earn the top brand perception that is missing. On the other hand, consumers are the external factor who prefers using Bamp;D products for home use rather than on job sites this is while Makita and Milwaukee are the two preferred brands in professional tradesmen segment. Galli is coming up with three alternatives. The first option is to harvest professional tradesmen channels. This option is vetoed because professional tradesmen segment is growing more rapidly than consumer and industrial segments. Dropping this segment will lead to a huge loss in a long run. The second alternative is to sub-brand. This alternative is ruled out as well since releasing any products under any brand while still tagged to Bamp;D will not lead to increase sales due to extensive negative brand perception in professional tradesmen products. The third alternative is to drop the tainted Black and Decker name and produce a line of products under DeWalt brand, the brand owned by Bamp;D with already established market share and good brand perception. Even though, building a new brand from the ground up takes time (proximately three years) this alternative is highly recommended. DeWalt brand saws have a very high brand recognition and durability. Additionally, this product line will be offered in a new color: Yellow. The color that indicates safety and can easily be recognized and differentiated by customers. Timeline Spring -begin advertisements with print by using our sub-branding method -sub branding would emphasis on the new name De-Walt -prepare for manufacturing and distribution of product for upcoming summer Summer -hold a press conference inviting various professional tradesmen, small and large corporations such as construction companies and small business owners to introduce the new product line and hold demonstrations -offer sample test tools to professional tradesmen set up workshops using the new sub-branded power tools to generate a buzz and interest in the new products which would be available for purchase soon -begin distribution among large retailers as well as club stores -increase advertisement both in print, radio and television September -evaluate sales -take market surveys of those using the new sub branded product line December -continue to offer demonstrations on the use of the new line -decrease advertisement efforts -offer holiday packages to encourage families to purchase the new product lines for their husbands, fathers, brothers etc. for the upcoming holidays -have successfully created a positive outlook and increased market share and sales of the new sub branded product line by the end of the year

Sell More Work by Grabbing Eye-Catching Quotes

Sell More Work What do the following names have in common? Jeffrey Archer, David Baldacci, Bernard Cornwell, Janet Evanovich, Jasper Fforde, Ken Follett, Jonathan Kellerman, Rebecca Tope. Answer: My articles! These famous bestselling authors have all granted direct personal exclusive quotes to me. A writer instills his own voice, personality, perceptions, knowledge, experiences, even moods into his work. It is one point of view and can sound opinionated. Adding commentary from external sources changes the tone of the article from opinion to analysis. Quotes liven up the content, humanizing and dramatizing it. They add gravitas and credibility to an article. They show the writer has done their homework and produced work that can be taken seriously. They influence readers and build trust. Experts specialize and excel in their fields. Seek the correct kind for your article. For example, when writing on child care, a quote from an educator working in a day care organization will carry more weight than a comment from a therapist working for anti-bullying services, even though both may be parenting experts. Dont demonstrate your ignorance or laziness Experts may be found from a variety of sources: 1. When you come across any expert cited in an article, a quick Internet search like Contact + John Smith, MSc in Child Psychology will bring up some contact information email address, website, Facebook page, LinkedIn profile. 2. Published experts are often on Amazons list of bestsellers or have an authors page on Goodreads.com. 3. Faculty at schools, universities, and training organizations may be accessible.   4. Reach out to people responding in the Comments sections of blog posts. 5. Dedicated online services like HelpAReporter.com can be a good place to network. However, quotes from experts registered on these services are often in exchange for advertising/marketing space or a plug, which may not be allowed for your publication. 6. Key executives of top-selling products can be contacted via websites like BuzzSumo.com. 7. Experts themselves refer or recommend other experts. 8. Your humble daily newspaper is an easy resource. 9. Go crazy signing up for company press releases (e.g. PRWeb.com) and newsletters. Like them on Facebook, stalk them around their Twitter-sphere, follow their blogs and participate in related discussion forums. 10. Get into experts inner circles 11. Writers are experts too! The freelancer who writes on new age therapy may be a licensed naturalist healer who could give input on your article about a newly-discovered herbs medicinal qualities. The literary writer may have a day job as a psychologist or police officer and could grant you a meaty quote about crime at school. Once youve found your experts, dont hesitate to approach them with a polite, clear, concise and non-judgmental enquiry. Introduce yourself honestly, and end with a note of thanks. Ask the right questions to avoid getting dull and pointless answers. Dont act too funny, provocative or familiar. When youve got your quotes, present them appropriately in your article making sure it flows well and doesnt appear disconnected. Take care to attribute the correct quote to the correct expert! While you may need to edit, clarify, highlight, sanitize, or paraphrase the quote, dont go overboard, modify the meaning, take it out of context or introduce your own voice into it. Expert quotes lend authenticity, authority and validity to your work and make it look professional. They can add value, remove discrepancies, reveal new slants, and change the perception of your article. Use others words to sell your own!

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN AIRLINE CASE STUDY Essay

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT EUROPEAN AIRLINE CASE STUDY - Essay Example The above issues have really affected the industry making airlines hard to survive and eventually leading to strategic alliances amongst the players in the industry. The macro environment analysis refers to the analysis of the political, economic, technological, environmental and social environment factors in the business environment. The Government has come in very strongly to deregulate the European airline industry by opening up the skies .This follows an agreement that was signed up between the United States Government and the European Union. As a result, the airlines are able to make more frequent flights, they have become more flexible in their pricing and it has helped to enhance and heighten competition in the region. Although opening up the skies has had a positive impact on the growth of the industry, the airlines have not been spared the threat of terrorism in the world. The United Kingdom has also come up with the smoke free policy, whereby people are required to abstain from smoking while in the airplanes and this has created a clean and safe environment for both the passengers and employees in the industry (Kassim and Menon 1996). The social environment has had both a po... The citizens have benefited from the multicultural environment thus they are able to gain new ideas and hence they have become more innovative. The rate of population growth is also increasing and thus new business trends are emerging and therefore the business is able to benefit from new management styles (Kassim and Menon 1996). Economic factors. The economic recession the industry has affected its rate of operation and has thus led to its slow rate of growth. The rise in the Gross Domestic Product has led to trade amongst the airlines very expensive. The rate of inflation has been high due to the high oil prices thus affecting the profit margins in the industry. The exchange rates have also affected the margins that are being made in the industry due to the large fluctuations (Kassim and Menon 1996). Technological factors. The emergence of the internet has led to the rapid growth of the industry. Online bookings have become possible thus eliminating the need for travel agents and eventually it has led to saving of time and money for the passengers. Genetic engineering and quality controls have improved and made the industry more innovative thus making the industry more effective and efficient (Kassim and Menon 1996). Environmental factors. The industry has made a negative impact on the environment. The industry has come under criticism due to emission of carbon into the environment, erosion of the zone layers and it has brought about the effects of global warming. However, even with these negative effects the industry has become more innovative as they try to come up with new mechanisms to manage and control the negative